ABSTRACT Legacy and Duke are the main blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars grown in Chile, with 32.8% of the total Chilean cultivated area with this fruit. The market demands fruit firmness, size, weight, and quality attributes, which are improved by some agronomic management practices such as winter pruning. The present study evaluated the effect on blueberry quality attributes and fruit yield of five fruit bud load levels, regulated by winter pruning during two consecutive seasons, on ʻLegacyʼ and ʻDukeʼ. The study was conducted in three commercial orchards under different soil conditions (Inceptisol, Andisol, and Entisol) in south-central Chile. Results indicated that there were differences in fruit load treatments between seasons, orchards, load levels, and week of harvest (first or second). Reducing the fruit bud load by winter pruning improved quality attributes of fruit firmness, size and weight, but negatively affected production per plant. We found in two seasons that pruning 60% of the fruit bud load level had the highest values for fruit firmness, size, and weight in both blueberry cultivars, but the production was 70% and 86% of the potential in ‘Duke’ and ‘Legacy’, respectively.

SUMMARY: To describe the physical therapy protocols used in critically ill patients to attenuate skeletal muscle atrophy. We conducted a search in PubMed and Embase from inception to November 2020. Observational or experimental studies published in English or Spanish that evaluated the effect of physical therapy protocols on the attenuation of skeletal muscle atrophy in critically ill patients through muscle strength or mass measurement were considered eligible. Studies were only included if they reported a detailed description of the dosing of the interventions. Seventeen studies met the eligibility criteria. We included randomised clinical trials (n = 16) and observational studies (n = 1). The total population of the included studies was 872 critically ill patients. The studies aimed to evaluate the reliability, safety or effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (n = 10) protocols, early mobilisation (n = 3), ergometer training (n = 2), transfers in tilt table (n = 1), and blood flow restriction (n = 1). Physical therapy protocols are part of the critically ill patient's integral management. Strategies such as passive mobilisation, in-bed and out-of-bed transfers, gait training, ergometer training, and neuromuscular electrical stimulation substantially impact critically ill patients' prognoses and quality of life after hospital discharge.

RESUMEN: Describir los protocolos de terapia física usados en pacientes críticos para atenuar la atrofia muscular esquelética. Realizamos una búsqueda en PubMed y Embase desde el inicio hasta noviembre de 2020. Se consideraron los estudios observacionales o experimentales publicados en inglés o español que evaluaron el efecto de los protocolos de terapia física en la atenuación de la atrofia del músculo esquelético en pacientes críticos a través de la medición de la fuerza o la masa muscular. Los estudios solo se incluyeron si informaron una descripción detallada de la dosificación de las intervenciones. Diecisiete estudios cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (n = 16) y estudios observacionales (n = 1). La población total de los estudios incluidos fue de 872 pacientes en estado crítico. Los estudios tuvieron como objetivo evaluar la confiabilidad, seguridad o efectividad de los protocolos de estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular (n = 10), movilización temprana (n = 3), entrenamiento con ergómetro (n = 2), transferencias en mesa basculante (n = 1) y restricción del flujo sanguíneo (n = 1). Los protocolos de terapia física forman parte del manejo integral del paciente crítico. Es- trategias como la movilización pasiva, los traslados dentro y fuera de la cama, el entrenamiento de la marcha, el entrenamiento con ergómetro y la estimulación eléctrica neuromuscular tienen un impacto sustancial en el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de los pacientes críticos después del alta hospitalaria.

Abstract We estimate the role of teleworking as a mitigator of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic shock on the Argentine labor market. To that aim, we analyze the link between occupational-level teleworking potential scores, estimated from three different surveys (O*NET, PIAAC, and STEP) and labor market outcomes at the individual level, exploiting the rotating panel structure of the Argentine national household survey. We find that during the peak of the pandemic-related restrictions, the potential for teleworking was positively correlated with the probability of being active and employed. These effects are concentrated in the subsample of “non-essential” workers. In contrast, we find no systematic effects of teleworking potential on employment transitions prior to the pandemic, a reassuring result consistent with our identification strategy. JEL codes: D10, J20, J30, J40

Resumen Este artículo estima el papel del teletrabajo como mitigador del impacto de la pandemia del COVID-19 en el mercado laboral argentino. Para ese propósito, se analiza la relación entre el potencial de teletrabajo a nivel ocupacional estimado en base a tres encuestas diferentes (O*NET, PIAAC, y STEP), y los resultados del mercado laboral a nivel individual, explotando la estructura de paneles rotativos de la encuesta nacional de hogares. Se encontró que durante el pico de las restricciones por la pandemia, el potencial del teletrabajo estuvo positivamente relacionado con la probabilidad de estar activo y empleado. Estos efectos están concentrados en la submuestra de trabajadores “no esenciales”. Por el contrario, no encontramos efectos sistemáticos del potencial del teletrabajo en las transiciones laborales antes de la pandemia, lo cual es un resultado consistente con nuestra estrategia de identificación. JEL codes: D10, J20, J30, J40

Abstract: The following analysis consider one of the most recognized movies in the history of Cinema, “A Clockwork Orange”, identifying and examining the elements of the narration, which characterize it as a satire. However, this assertion lead to ask, which type of satire represent the Film. To structure these characterizations will be allude the Satire Theory of Friedrich Schiller, which works to delimitate not only the satirical elements of the story, but the mode the movie takes to become a critic to the society. This will show how the Movie operate as a moralizing reflection, whose originality lies in the employment of the Satire to carry out this reflection.

Resumen: El presente análisis profundiza en una de las películas más reconocidas y acreditadas de la historia del cine,La naranja mecánica, identificando y examinando los elementos de la narración que la caracterizan como una sátira. No obstante, esta afirmación conduce a preguntar por el tipo de sátira que supone representar. Para estructurar esta caracterización se alude a la teoría de la sátira propuesta por Friedrich Schiller, la cual sirve para delimitar, no solo los elementos satíricos de la historia, sino la manera cómo dicha representación se convierte en una crítica ética a la sociedad. Con ello se podrá apreciar de qué manera el filme funciona como una reflexión moralizante, cuya novedad radica en utilizar a la sátira para llevar a cabo este reflexionar.

Sarocladium kiliense is a saprophyte fungus that can cause opportunistic infections associated to invasive procedures. We report a multi-hospital nosocomial outbreak of fungemias due to this agent. Patients with positive blood culture to this agent were studied after six bloodstream infections identified in three Chilean hospitals in July 2013 were reported to Ministry of Health National Infection and Prevention Control Program. In general, there were mild clinical manifestations, without deaths attributable to the infection. Epidemiological and micro-biological study identified 65 cases in 8 hospitals, mostly pediatric patients in chemotherapy. Initial studies of 94 different drugs and medical devices had negative results, until a second analysis of specific blisters and their pharmaceutical matrix selected by epidemiological criteria identified an intrinsic contamination of ondansetron blisters from a specific producer used in all the patients. A recall of contaminated ondansetron blisters was performed in all the country, after which the outbreak was contained. Surveillance and response of local and national infection prevention and control programs and laboratory support were key to control of a national multi-hospital common source outbreak due to contamination of a drug by an unusual fungus.

Resumen Introducción: Sarocladium kiliense es un hongo saprófito que puede generar infecciones oportunistas asociadas a procedimientos invasores. Se informa un brote multicéntrico nosocomial de fungemias de fuente común por este agente. Luego del reporte de cinco casos en pacientes en tres hospitales al Programa de Control de Infecciones del Ministerio de Salud de Chile en julio de 2013, se estudiaron a nivel nacional todos los pacientes con hemocultivo positivo para este agente. Se trató de cuadros clínicos leves a moderados, sin muertes atribuibles. El estudio identificó 65 casos en 8 hospitales, en su mayoría pacientes pediátricos en quimioterapia. Estudios iniciales de 94 muestras de cuatro fármacos y dispositivos usados en todos los casos resultaron negativas hasta que, en un segundo análisis de lotes seleccionados por criterios epidemiológicos y su matriz farmacéutica, se identificó la contaminación intrínseca de ampollas de ondansetrón de un productor específico, que se usó en todos los casos. Se realizó un retiro nacional de las ampollas de los tres lotes contaminados del fármaco, después de lo cual se contuvo el brote. La vigilancia de infecciones en los hospitales y el programa nacional coordinado con los laboratorios de microbiología fueron claves para identificar un brote multicéntrico de fuente común por contaminación de un fármaco por un hongo inusual.

RESUMO Introdução: O aumento da participação de jovens no futebol apresenta vários benefícios, mas também traz riscos de lesões. A intervenção de técnicas neuromusculares parece ser eficaz na prevenção de lesões, especialmente nos períodos de crescimento, como ocorre na puberdade, que coincide com o desenvolvimento de movimentos básicos fundamentais. Por isso, é importante implementar e avaliar programas de prevenção que se concentrem no controle neuromuscular nessa fase. Objetivo: Determinar o efeito do programa FIFA 11+, durante seis semanas de treinamento para melhorar - de forma aguda - os padrões de movimentos fundamentais em jogadores de futebol sub-14. Método: Estudo quase-experimental que avaliou os padrões de movimentos fundamentais através do Functional Movement Screen (FMS) em 22 atletas que foram divididos em grupo controle (CG, N = 11) e grupo experimental (EG; N = 11), submetido ao programa FIFA 11+ durante seis semanas. Para a análise de dados, utilizou-se o programa SPSS 20.0. Resultados: Foram encontradas melhoras estatisticamente significantes em in-line lunge (IL) e no escore total do FMS no EG pós-intervenção, assim como melhoras intergrupo no teste de deep squat (DS) do EG, mas não entre ambos os grupos. Conclusões: As seis semanas de intervenção do programa FIFA 11+ não produziram melhoras significativas nos movimentos fundamentais dos jogadores.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Increasing youth participation in soccer has several benefits, but it also brings risks of injury. The use of neuromuscular techniques is effective in preventing injuries, especially in periods of growth as occurs in puberty, which coincides with the development of fundamental basic movements. Therefore, it is important to implement and evaluate prevention programs that focus on neuromuscular control during this stage. Objective: To determine the effect of the FIFA 11+ over a six-week training period in order to quickly improve fundamental movement patterns in under-14 soccer players. Method: A quasi-experimental study that evaluated the fundamental movement patterns through the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) in 22 athletes who were divided into a control group (CG; N=11) and an experimental group (EG; N=11), submitted to the program FIFA 11+ for six weeks. The SPSS 20.0 program was used to analyze the data. Results: Statistically significant improvements were found in the in-line lunge (IL) and in the post-intervention FMS total scores in EG, as well as intergroup improvements when testing the deep squat (DS) in the EG, but not in both groups. Conclusions: The six week FIFA 11+ program did not produce significant improvements in players’ fundamental movements.

RESUMEN Introducción: El aumento en la participación de los jóvenes en el fútbol, si bien lleva consigo beneficios, se asocia a la presencia de factores de riesgo de lesión. La intervención de las técnicas neuromusculares parece ser efectiva en la prevención, principalmente en periodos de crecimiento como ocurre en la pubertad, que coincide con el desarrollo de los movimientos básicos fundamentales. Debido a esto, es importante implementar y evaluar programas de prevención que se enfoquen en el control neuromuscular en ésta etapa. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto del FIFA 11+ en seis semanas de entrenamiento para mejorar - de forma aguda - los patrones de movimientos fundamentales, en futbolistas varones sub-14. Método: Estudio cuasi-experimental, que evaluó patrones de movimientos fundamentales a través del Functional Movement Screen (FMS) de 22 deportistas, conformándose el grupo control (CG; N=11) y grupo experimental (EG; N=11) sometido al programa FIFA 11+ durante seis semanas. Para el análisis de datos se utilizó el programa SPSS 20.0. Resultados: Se encontraron mejoras estadísticamente significativas, en in-line lunge (IL) y puntaje total del FMS en el EG post-intervención, y mejoras inter-grupo en la prueba de deep squat (DS) del EG, pero no entre ambos grupos. Conclusiones: El FIFA 11+ en seis semanas de intervención, no logra mejorar los movimientos fundamentales de forma aguda.

Abstract: Introduction: Descriptive data about co-occurrence of alcohol and cocaine consumption is scarce, despite its important prevalence. Dual disordes shows high prevalence in clinical samples, and patients report worse evolution and need more health services. Objective: To compare psychopathology in patients in treatment with lifetime alcohol and cocaine (Alc + Coc) substance use disorder (SUD) with subjects with alcohol but not cocaine (Alc) lifetime SUD and cocaine but not alcohol (Coc) SUD. Method: The sample consisted of 837 outpatients from Madrid, Spain, under treatment in substance misuse or mental health units. Two analyses were made: we compared subjects in the Alc + Coc (n = 366) to the Alc group (n = 162), and then to the Coc group (n = 122). Socio-demographic variables were addressed by interview. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) was used to evaluate Axis I disorders and the Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ) to evaluate Personality Disorders (PD). Results: Compared to Alc group, patients in the Alc + Coc group were younger, had different socio-demographic characteristics, had more proportion of cannabis and opioid SUD, had less proportion of major depressive disorder, obsessive and depressive PD, more proportion of antisocial PD and lower suicide risk. Compared to the Coc group, they had more cannabis SUD and lower opioid SUD, showed higher prevalence of bipolar disorder, general anxiety disorder, paranoid, histrionic and dependent PD. Discussion and conclusion: We present a cross-sectional study describing comorbidity of dual disordes on treatment-seeking concurrent alcohol and cocaine problematic users. This concurrence showed different dual disordes prevalence profile than single users in some specific mental disorders.

Resumen: Introducción: La patología dual presenta una alta prevalencia en muestras clínicas. Estos pacientes sufren mayor comorbilidad y requieren más servicios. Existen escasos datos de comorbilidad por alcohol y cocaína. Objetivo: Valorar datos sociodemográficos, prevalencias de trastorno por uso de sustancias (TUS), trastorno mental y trastornos de personalidad en pacientes con trastorno por uso de alcohol y cocaína frente a pacientes con uno de los dos TUS. Método: La muestra incluyó 837 pacientes procedentes de Centros de Salud Mental y Centros de Atención a Drogodependientes. Se realizaron dos análisis: se comparó el grupo de alcohol y cocaína (Alc + Coc, n = 366) con el grupo de alcohol (Alc, n = 162), y posteriormente con el grupo de cocaína (Coc, n = 122). Se recogieron variables sociodemográficas y sobre TUS mediante entrevista, diagnósticos de trastorno mental del eje I mediante la entrevista estructurada Mini International Neuropsychiatric Inerview (MINI) y los trastornos de personalidad mediante el Personality Disorder Questionnaire (PDQ). Resultados: Los pacientes del grupo Alc + Coc frente al grupo Alc presentaban diferencias sociodemográficas significativas, mayor prevalencia de TUS asociados, riesgo más alto de suicidio y mayor proporción de trastorno antisocial de personalidad. Además, tenían menor prevalencia de trastornos depresivos. Frente al grupo Coc presentaron mayor prevalencia de trastorno por consumo de cannabis, pero menor de opioides y mayor prevalencia de trastorno bipolar, trastorno de ansiedad generalizada y trastornos de personalidad. Discusión y conclusión: Los pacientes comórbidos para alcohol y cocaína presentaron un distinto perfil de prevalencia de algunos trastornos mentales específicos.

ABSTRACT This research was carried out in a blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosumL.) orchard cv. Brigitta (fourth harvest) under organic management located in the Province of Ñuble (Chillán, Chile). The objective of this work was to determine the effect of different pruning intensities on yield and fruit quality. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four treatments and five replications. Parameters related to plant growth (number of buds, flowers and fruits), fruit quality (equatorial and polar diameter, average fruit weight, number of seeds, soluble solids, pH and titratable acidity), and production were evaluated. The results showed that different pruning intensities resulted in significant differences (P < 0.05) in yield and fruit quality. The highest yields were obtained in plants with less severe pruning, but the fruit presented a decrease in equatorial diameter, polar diameter and weight, as well as fewer seeds, lower levels of soluble solids and higher acidity. Fruit pH showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between the treatments. As cv. Brigitta presents a high rate of floral abortion, pruning should not be as severe as in other varieties, keeping an additional 30-40% of fruit load compared to normal pruning in other varieties.

RESUMEN La presente investigación se realizó en un huerto de arándanos (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cv. Brigitta de cuarta cosecha, bajo manejo orgánico, situado en la Provincia de Ñuble, Chillán, Chile. El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de diferentes intensidades de poda en la producción y calidad de la fruta. Se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones, evaluando parámetros vegetativos tales como número de yemas, flores y frutos; parámetros de calidad de la fruta como diámetro ecuatorial y polar, peso promedio de los frutos, número de semillas, sólidos solubles, pH y acidez titulable, y parámetros de producción. Se determinó que la intensidad de poda afectó la producción por planta y la calidad de la fruta. Los mayores rendimientos se obtuvieron en las plantas con menor intensidad de poda (P < 0,05), pero a su vez esta fruta presentó menor diámetro ecuatorial, menor diámetro polar, menor peso, menor cantidad de semillas, menor porcentaje de sólidos solubles y mayor acidez. El pH de la fruta no presentó diferencias significativas (P > 0,05) en ningún tratamiento. El cv. Brigitta presenta un alto porcentaje de aborto floral, por lo que se debería realizar una poda no tan severa como en otras variedades, dejando un 30-40 % de carga adicional que una poda normal en otras variedades.

Organic farming does not allow using certain inputs, such as N, which differ in nutrient release rates and dynamics. To evaluate the effect of different organic fertilizers on the vegetative, nutritional, and productive parameters of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), a pot experiment was conducted in three consecutive seasons in a sandy soil of south-central Chile using ’Corona’, ’Legacy’ and ’Liberty’. The following fertilizers were evaluated: compost (CM), Purely Grow (PG), Purely Lysine (PL), Fertil (F), blood meal (BM), lupine meal (LM), along with a control treatment without fertilization (C) and two conventional treatments with urea (CF) and sodium nitrate (S). Results indicate that vegetative growth and leaf N concentration prior to senescence were different among cultivars in the three evaluated seasons. The highest leaf N concentration was recorded in ’Corona’ followed by ’Legacy’ and ’Liberty’ while levels tended to increase in the seasons. Quick-release N sources had greater effects on these parameters but with differences among cultivars. Fruit yield and weight were higher in ’Corona’ followed by ’Legacy’ and ’Liberty’. Fruit yield was generally higher when using LM and F and showed no effect on fruit weight. Leaf chlorophyll content was higher in ’Corona’ followed by ’Legacy’ and ’Liberty’, which increased when using CF, LM, BM, and PG. Finally, the organic fertilizer and blueberry cultivar that obtained the highest values for most of the evaluated parameters were LM and Corona, respectively.